The first use of CRISPR technology to transcriptionally activate the C19MC, a primate-specific microRNA cluster located on chromosome 19, led to a groundbreaking discovery. This research revealed a compelling example of convergent evolution between the C19MC and the rodent-specific microRNA cluster C2MC on chromosome 2. These clusters are primarily expressed in trophoblasts and contain short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs), such as Alu (primate) or B1 (rodent) repeats.

The study demonstrated that the SINEs of these clusters produce double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), triggering a potent immune response similar to viral mimicry. This immune activation involves type III interferon signaling, offering essential antiviral protection to the fetus during development. Additionally, the research highlighted the crucial role of C19MC in regulating epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and accelerating cell reprogramming processes.