Chronic cerebral hypoperfusion (CCH) is a major risk factor for neurodegenerative diseases, including vascular dementia (VD). It is well documented that sex differences account for variability in progression and outcomes in cerebrovascular pathophysiology and dementia risk. Despite extensive study of VD, most mechanistic and preclinical work has been conducted in male animals, leaving the molecular and cellular consequences of CCH in the female brain largely unexplored. To address this critical.

Vaccine responses differ substantially among individuals and across populations. Although factors such as age, genetics, and vaccine type are recognized contributors, they do not fully explain this heterogeneity. Emerging evidence suggests that the human microbiota, particularly the gut microbiota, may modulate immune responses to vaccination and represents a potentially modifiable component of immunity. This review integrates data from human studies, microbiota-targeted clinical trials, and...

Background/Objectives: Inflammatory processes, including elevated pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin 1β (IL-1β), have been implicated in the pathophysiology of anxiety disorders. The ketone body β-hydroxybutyrate (βHB) was shown to mitigate inflammatory processes induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) administration. It was also suggested that exogenous ketone supplements, such as ketone esters (KEs) and ketone salts (KSs), can decrease anxiogenic effects through increased blood ketone.

Background: Elbow stiffness is a common post-traumatic complication that may require surgical intervention in severe cases. Capsular and ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) release can restore motion but may result in iatrogenic valgus instability. Internal brace (IB) augmentation has emerged as a potential method to restore stability while preserving mobility. This study compares the utilization of IB augmentation following UCL release to conventional techniques. Methods: We report two cases of...